STRUCTURED PROGRAMMING

3. Program structure

1. General Structure of a Structured Program

A structured program is not written as one continuous block of text. It is divided into distinct sections, usually following this "skeleton":

A. Documentation Section (Comments)

• Purpose: This section consists of comments (lines ignored by the computer) that explain what the program does, who wrote it, and when.

• Syntax:

  • Single line: // This is a comment

  • Multi-line: /* This is a comment */

B. Link / Preprocessor Section

• Purpose: Instructs the compiler to link functions from the system library.

• Example: #include <stdio.h> tells the program to include standard input/output functions (like printf or scanf).

C. Definition & Global Declaration Section

• Definition: Defines symbolic constants (e.g., #define PI 3.142).

• Global Declaration: Declares variables that are visible to the entire program (all functions), not just the main block.

D. The Main Function (main())

• Purpose: This is the entry point of the program. Every structured program must have one main function. Execution starts here.

• Structure:

  C

  int main() {
     // Declaration part
     // Executable part
     return 0;
  }
  

  • Declaration Part: All variables used in the function must be declared here.

  • Executable Part: Contains the statements (logic) to be executed.

E. Sub-Program Section (User-Defined Functions)

• Purpose: These are additional functions created by the user to perform specific tasks. They are usually placed after the main() function (or before, depending on the language rules).

• Example: A function named calculateSum() might be written here and called inside main().

2. Format of a Structured Language

Structured languages (like C) generally follow these formatting rules:

• Case Sensitivity: Most are case-sensitive (e.g., Grade and grade are different variables).

• Statement Termination: Every executable statement must end with a terminator, usually a semicolon (;).

• Blocks: Code belonging to a specific function or loop is enclosed in braces { } (in C/C++/Java) or Begin...End (in Pascal).

• Free-Form: You can write multiple statements on one line or split one statement across multiple lines (though not recommended for readability).